The former player: 'I really wanted to carry on my rugby career'
Important note: This piece contains descriptions of discriminatory comments and conduct
Ex-England centre Luther Burrell states that speaking out to expose racism in professional rugby led his career to an early conclusion.
In a June 2022, Burrell described racism as being "widespread" in the game, displaying digital communications and recalling training ground "comments" he had been subject to while representing Newcastle.
At that time 34 and without a team, Burrell's only professional rugby since has been three appearances with guest team the Barbarians.
"I have absolutely had to end my career because of what went on," he explained to reporters.
"I wanted to carry on competing, of course I did. I sought that, and it fell through when word emerged that there were inquiries underway.
"This situation was difficult - I had to simply come to terms with the fate and accept that this entire process is a lot bigger than me."
A rugby governing body investigation in 2023 found Burrell's claims were true "likely correct", but stated it could not collect sufficient evidence to definitively say they happened at Newcastle.
Luther Burrell played in all of England's Six Nations games in 2014-15, but was surprisingly excluded for their team for the 2015 World Cup
Burrell told media he also encountered discrimination within the England set-up, during a Test career that saw him win 15 caps after his debut in February 2014.
"I've had multiple traumatic experiences within the national team," he stated.
"Some discrimination and other just outdated thinking that's really unacceptable."
Racism had become accepted in team environments, in Burrell's view.
"It's something that has been disguised as humour and that's been the issue that I've personally suffered and witnessed," said Burrell, who is of Jamaican descent.
"Over a extended period you just learn to think that it's the standard and that is fine and that it's not malicious, but that's incorrect."
Burrell explains he was finally spurred to speak out after a fellow player at Newcastle referred to him as a "enslaved person" and told him to put sunscreen on his wrists and ankles "where your shackles were."
The governing body said Burrell's disclosures had led to "increased scrutiny at the culture within the professional level and to the introduction of an strategy for the elite level."
"The organization has given considerable focus on inclusion and diversity in the sport and a substantial amount of work undertaken both prior and after Luther Burrell spoke publicly and revealed his encounters of racism and class discrimination," it continued.
"The organization are continuing work with teams and partners in the professional game to strive for a environment of acceptance but recognize this requires patience and is an continuous effort."
All Prem and PWR club now has face-to-face training on building inclusive cultures, with its effectiveness monitored via individual reports and feedback.
All England players, including youth squads, are trained in being "active bystanders" to intervene and defend others from damaging conduct.
"You should be so pleased of what you have accomplished," Burrell's mother Joyce told him as part of the film Luther Burrell - Rugby, Racism and Redemption.
"I know it has had this impact on you and finished your playing days, but in our eyes, you have done so much. We are so impressed of you and to have you as a son."
Burrell's dad Geoff died shortly after the filming of the documentary, and his sister passed away recently.
Burrell, who was raised on a council estate in his hometown, continues his work to make the sport more open.
His 12 Foundation aims to reach children in under-served communities and help them thrive both on the field with free sports coaching, guidance and nutrition education.
"My personal intentions are genuine, I want to see the progress of the game and if others is willing to share their experience then I'll persist to fight that fight because I'm not just pursuing this for my own benefit," he explained.
"Everyone involved have an responsibility to make the game as excellent as it can be and the more I speak about it hopefully the more confident fellow players will become about sharing their personal stories as well.
"I need to grab the challenge by the opportunity and continue bearing this banner and continue supporting this weight and do what I can to develop opportunities and make the game more appealing and more inclusive.
"There are a lot of underprivileged young people and a lot of poverty and I honestly believe that the sport has the ability to change their futures, just as it transformed things for me."
Burrell scored for the Barbarians on a comeback to former club Northampton in November 2022